一种不饱和脂肪酸，主要存在于深海鱼、亚麻籽中，对心血管健康有益，能降低炎症反应、改善大脑功能。

人体消耗能量的速率，受年龄、体重、肌肉量等影响，代谢率高的人即使休息时也能消耗更多热量，规律运动可提高基础代谢。

动脉是从心脏发出的血管，主要功能是将富含氧气和营养物质的血液输送到全身各个组织和器官。

动脉的管壁较厚且富有弹性，这种结构特点使其能够承受心脏收缩时产生的较高血压，并通过管壁的弹性回缩推动血液持续流动，维持全身的血液循环。根据管径大小和结构特点，动脉可分为大动脉、中动脉、小动脉和微动脉等，它们逐级分支，最终通过毛细血管与静脉相连，完成血液与组织间的物质交换。

正常尿液中仅含微量蛋白质，若检测到尿蛋白升高（蛋白尿），可能提示肾小球滤过膜受损（如肾炎）、高血压或糖尿病肾损伤。

Total Protein (Urine) [TP(U)] and 24-Hour Urine Protein [TP(24h)] are both tests to measure protein in urine, but they differ in how they are measured and what they represent. Here’s a detailed breakdown:

1. Definition & Measurement

• Total Protein (Urine) [TP(U)]:
  This is a concentration measurement—it reflects the amount of protein in a single, random urine sample, reported as a volume-based unit (e.g., g/L, mg/dL). Your result is 2.80 g/L, meaning there are 2.80 grams of protein in every liter of the urine sample tested.

• 24-Hour Urine Protein [TP(24h)]:
  This measures the total amount of protein excreted in urine over a full 24-hour period, reported as a time-based unit (e.g., g/day, mg/day). Your result is 6.16 g/day, meaning your kidneys released 6.16 grams of protein into urine over 24 hours.

2. Key Difference: Concentration vs. Total Excretion

The critical distinction lies in what they capture:

• TP(U) only tells you how much protein is in a specific portion of urine at the time of collection. Urine concentration can vary drastically based on fluid intake (e.g., drinking a lot of water dilutes urine, making TP(U) appear lower; dehydration concentrates urine, making it appear higher). Thus, it’s a “snapshot” but not a reliable measure of total daily protein loss.

• TP(24h) accounts for all urine produced in 24 hours, eliminating the effect of fluid intake. It directly reflects how much protein the kidneys are losing over a full day, making it the “gold standard” for assessing abnormal proteinuria (excess protein in urine).

3. Clinical Significance

• Normal ranges:
  • TP(U): Typically <0.15 g/L (varies by lab). Your result of 2.80 g/L is significantly elevated.
  • TP(24h): Normal is <0.15 g/day. Values >3.5 g/day are considered “nephrotic range” (a sign of severe kidney damage, e.g., in nephrotic syndrome). Your result of 6.16 g/day falls into this range.
• What your results indicate:
  Both values show markedly elevated urine protein, which suggests possible kidney dysfunction (e.g., damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, which normally prevent large proteins from leaking into urine). The 24-hour result (6.16 g/day) is particularly concerning, as it confirms sustained, heavy protein loss.

4. Why Both Tests Might Be Ordered

• TP(U) is often a quick initial screen to detect proteinuria.
• TP(24h) is then used to quantify the severity and confirm if the elevation is consistent over time.

In summary: TP(U) is a concentration in a single sample, while TP(24h) is the total daily loss. Your results indicate significant proteinuria, which requires medical evaluation (e.g., by a nephrologist) to identify the cause (e.g., kidney disease, diabetes, autoimmune conditions).

嘌呤代谢的终产物，主要通过肾脏排出。尿酸升高（高尿酸血症）可能导致痛风，也可能提示肾脏排泄功能异常或代谢紊乱。

能对抗体内自由基（损伤细胞的有害物质）的物质，如维生素C、维生素E、花青素等，常见于新鲜蔬果中，有助于延缓衰老、降低慢性病风险。

蛋白质的基本组成单位，分为必需氨基酸（人体无法合成，需从食物获取）和非必需氨基酸（人体可自身合成），对维持肌肉、激素和酶的正常功能至关重要。

Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in the blood. They are the most common form of fat in the body and serve as a primary source of energy.

• Formation: Triglycerides are produced when the body converts excess calories (from foods like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) that are not immediately used for energy. They are stored in fat cells and released into the bloodstream when energy is needed.
• Role: They provide energy to cells throughout the body, especially during periods of fasting or physical activity.
• Health impact: While essential for normal bodily functions, high levels of triglycerides (hypertriglyceridemia) in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and pancreatitis. High levels are often linked to poor diet (high in sugar and refined carbs), obesity, lack of exercise, excessive alcohol intake, or certain medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypothyroidism).

Normal triglyceride levels typically range from 0 to 150 mg/dL (0 to 1.7 mmol/L), though ranges may vary slightly by lab.

dL stands for deciliter, a unit of volume in the metric system. It is equal to 1/10 of a liter (0.1 liters) or 100 milliliters (mL). The symbol “dL” combines the prefix “deci-“ (meaning one-tenth) with “liter” (the base unit of volume in the metric system).

Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to sudden and severe pain, redness, and swelling. It happens most commonly in the big toe, but it can affect other joints as well. It is often related to high levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia), which may result from diet, genetics, or certain medical conditions.

对肠道健康有益的活性微生物（如乳酸菌、双歧杆菌），存在于酸奶、发酵食品中，能维持肠道菌群平衡，增强消化和免疫功能。

肌肉代谢的终产物，经肾脏滤过排出体外。血液中肌酐水平升高通常提示肾功能受损，因肾脏无法有效排泄；是评估肾小球滤过功能的重要指标。

Creatinine is a waste product generated by the normal breakdown of muscle tissue in the body. It is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine. Because its production is relatively constant (depending on muscle mass) and it is primarily removed by the kidneys, creatinine levels in blood and urine are key indicators of kidney function. Below is a detailed breakdown of creatinine, including its role, reference values for blood and urine, factors affecting levels, and clinical significance.

What is Creatinine?

Creatinine is a byproduct of the metabolism of creatine phosphate, a molecule that provides energy to muscles. Unlike many other waste products, creatinine production is relatively steady in individuals with stable muscle mass—this makes it a reliable marker for assessing how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood (a process called glomerular filtration).

1. Blood Creatinine (Serum or Plasma Creatinine)

Blood creatinine is the most commonly measured form, as it directly reflects how efficiently the kidneys are clearing waste. Elevated blood creatinine often indicates reduced kidney function, as the kidneys are unable to filter it out effectively.

Reference Values for Blood Creatinine

Normal ranges vary slightly by lab, method, and population, but typical values are:

Group	Reference Range (μmol/L)	Reference Range (mg/dL)
Adult males	60–110 μmol/L	0.7–1.2 mg/dL
Adult females	45–90 μmol/L	0.5–1.0 mg/dL
Children (2–12 years)	27–62 μmol/L	0.3–0.7 mg/dL
Newborns	18–35 μmol/L	0.2–0.4 mg/dL

2. Urine Creatinine

Urine creatinine measures the amount of creatinine excreted in urine over a specific period (usually 24 hours) or in a single “spot” sample. It helps assess kidney function when paired with blood creatinine (e.g., to calculate the creatinine clearance rate) or to normalize other urine markers (e.g., urine protein/creatinine ratio).

Reference Values for Urine Creatinine

a. 24-Hour Urine Creatinine (most standardized)

This reflects total daily creatinine excretion, tied to muscle mass:

Group	Reference Range (mmol/day)	Reference Range (mg/day)
Adult males	7–18 mmol/day	800–2000 mg/day
Adult females	5.3–16 mmol/day	600–1800 mg/day
Children (2–12 years)	1.8–6.3 mmol/day	200–700 mg/day

b. Random (Spot) Urine Creatinine

A single urine sample (not 24-hour) is less standardized but typically ranges from:

• 3.6–20.5 mmol/L (40–230 mg/dL) for adults.

Spot urine creatinine is rarely interpreted alone; it is often used in ratios (e.g., urine protein/creatinine ratio) to account for variations in urine concentration (e.g., dehydration can make urine more concentrated, increasing creatinine levels).

3. Creatinine Clearance Rate (CCR)

This test estimates how well the kidneys filter creatinine, calculated using both blood and 24-hour urine creatinine levels. It is a more direct measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the gold standard for kidney function.

Reference Values for CCR

• Adults: 80–120 mL/min
• Declines naturally with age (e.g., ~70 mL/min in adults over 70).

Factors Affecting Creatinine Levels

• Muscle mass: Athletes or individuals with more muscle have higher creatinine production (and thus higher blood/urine levels). Conversely, low muscle mass (e.g., in older adults, malnutrition) lowers levels.
• Hydration: Dehydration reduces blood volume, increasing blood creatinine temporarily. It also concentrates urine, raising urine creatinine.
• Diet: Eating large amounts of meat (which contains creatine) can slightly increase blood creatinine for a few hours.
• Kidney function: Impaired kidneys (e.g., chronic kidney disease) reduce creatinine clearance, leading to high blood creatinine and low urine creatinine.
• Medications: Some drugs (e.g., ACE inhibitors, diuretics) or supplements (e.g., creatine) can affect levels.

Clinical Significance

• High blood creatinine: May indicate kidney damage, reduced GFR, or acute/chronic kidney disease.
• Low blood creatinine: Rare but can occur with low muscle mass, liver disease (reduced creatine production), or severe malnutrition.
• High urine creatinine: Often due to dehydration (concentrated urine) or high muscle mass.
• Low urine creatinine: Suggests reduced kidney filtration (e.g., kidney disease) or low muscle mass.
• Urine protein/creatinine ratio: Elevated values (as in your earlier results) indicate proteinuria (excess protein in urine), a sign of kidney damage.

Key Takeaway

Creatinine is a critical marker for kidney health, but interpretation depends on context (e.g., age, muscle mass, hydration). Always discuss results with a healthcare provider, who will consider other tests (e.g., GFR, urine protein) and your overall health to make a diagnosis.

它是衡量肾脏功能的重要指标，指单位时间内（通常为每分钟）两侧肾脏生成的超滤液量，反映了肾小球滤过血液、清除代谢废物（如肌酐）的能力。正常成年人的肾小球滤过率一般在 80-120 毫升 / 分钟（mL/min）之间，随着年龄增长会自然下降，而肾脏疾病会导致其降低。

一种脂质，分为低密度脂蛋白（LDL，“坏胆固醇”，过量易沉积血管）和高密度脂蛋白（HDL，“好胆固醇”，帮助清除LDL），适量对细胞膜和激素合成必要。

胰腺是人体内一个兼具外分泌功能和内分泌功能的重要器官，位于上腹部，胃的后方，紧贴脊柱。

• 外分泌功能：分泌胰液（含多种消化酶，如胰蛋白酶、胰脂肪酶、胰淀粉酶等），通过胰管排入十二指肠，帮助分解食物中的蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物，促进消化吸收。
• 内分泌功能：通过胰腺内的胰岛细胞分泌激素（如胰岛素、胰高血糖素等），直接进入血液，调节体内血糖水平（胰岛素降低血糖，胰高血糖素升高血糖）。

胰腺的健康对消化和代谢平衡至关重要，常见疾病包括胰腺炎、胰腺癌、糖尿病（与胰岛功能异常相关）等。

植物性食物中无法被人体消化吸收的碳水化合物，分为可溶性（如燕麦、苹果皮）和不可溶性（如全麦、蔬菜），能促进肠道蠕动、调节血糖和胆固醇。

血栓是指在活体的心脏或血管内，血液发生凝固或血液中的某些有形成分（如血小板）凝集形成的固体质块。正常情况下，血液在血管内呈流动状态，当血管内皮损伤、血液凝固性增加或血流状态改变（如缓慢、涡流）时，凝血系统被激活，导致血液成分在局部沉积、黏附、聚集，最终形成血栓。

血栓的形成可能会阻塞血管腔，影响相应部位的血液供应。例如，动脉内血栓形成可导致组织缺血、坏死（如心肌梗死、脑梗死）；静脉内血栓形成（如下肢深静脉血栓）可能引发血液回流障碍，若血栓脱落还可能随血流阻塞肺动脉，导致肺栓塞，严重时危及生命。

血液中的葡萄糖，是人体能量的直接来源，正常范围为空腹3.9-6.1mmol/L，过高（如糖尿病）或过低（如低血糖）均会影响身体机能，受饮食和胰岛素调节。

血脂是血液中脂类物质的总称，这些脂类物质主要包括胆固醇、甘油三酯、磷脂和游离脂肪酸等。它们是人体必需的营养物质，在维持正常生理功能方面发挥着重要作用，比如胆固醇是细胞膜的重要组成成分，也是合成胆汁酸、维生素D以及某些激素的原料；甘油三酯则是机体储存能量的重要形式。

然而，血脂并非越高越好。当血液中胆固醇（尤其是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇）或甘油三酯水平过高时，会增加动脉粥样硬化的风险，进而可能引发冠心病、脑梗塞等心脑血管疾病。因此，定期检测血脂水平，保持其在正常范围内，对维护身体健康至关重要。

静脉是心血管系统中引导血液回流至心脏的血管，与动脉相对应。其管壁较薄、弹性较差，管腔通常比同级动脉更大。血液在静脉中流动的压力较低，部分静脉（如下肢的静脉）内还设有静脉瓣，可防止血液逆流，助力血液向心脏方向流动。

静脉根据位置和功能可分为浅静脉和深静脉等，它们收集全身各处经过组织代谢后的血液，最终汇入心脏，完成血液循环的闭环。